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arXiv · 0808.0404

Varying Gravitational Constant as Well as Cosmology from the Early Inflation to Late Acceleration and Future Universe

S. K. Srivastava
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Abstract

Here, cosmology is obtained from the variable gravitational constant $ G \propto ϕ^{-2}$ with $ ϕ(x) $ being a scalar and its fluctuations around the ground state. The gravitational action contains Einstein-Hilbert like term with variable $ G $, kinetic energy and self-interaction potential for $ ϕ(x) $. Two phase transitions take place in this model. The first one takes place at the GUT (grand unified theory) scale $ \sim 2.45 \times 10^{14}{\rm GeV} $, when the early universe exits the inflationay phase and the second one at the electro-weak scale. Spontaneous symmetry breaking takes place around this scale As a consequence, variable $ G $ acquires constant value $G_N$ (the Newtonian gravitational constant).The standard model of cosmology is obtained in the post-second phase transition era. Interestingly, the dark matter and quintessence dark energy are created from the gravitational sector as a combined effect of the linear term of scalar curvature and $ ϕ(x) $ without using non-linear terms of curvature or any other matter fields. It is interesting to find that fluctuations in $ ϕ(x) $ cause the phantom dark energy after the second phase transition, which grows later in the expanding universe. It is also found that the phantom era is free from big-rip singularity.

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BibTeXRIS

S. K. Srivastava. 2008-09-19. Varying Gravitational Constant as Well as Cosmology from the Early Inflation to Late Acceleration and Future Universe. https://arxiv.org/abs/0808.0404

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