Modeling Nuclear Pasta and the Transition to Uniform Nuclear Matter with the 3D Skyrme-Hartree-Fock Method at Finite Temperature I: Core-Collapse Supernovae

Abstract

The first results of a new three-dimensional, finite temperature Skyrme-Hartree-Fock+BCS study of the properties of inhomogeneous nuclear matter at densities and temperatures leading to the transition to uniform nuclear matter are presented. Calculations are carried out in a cubic box representing a unit cell of the locally periodic structure of the matter. A constraint is placed on the two independent components of the quadrupole moment of the neutron density in order to investigate the dependence of the total energy-density of matter on the geometry of the nuclear structure in the unit cell. This approach allows self-consistent modeling of effects such as (i) neutron drip, resulting in a neutron gas external to the nuclear structure, (ii) shell effects of bound and unbound nucleons, (iii) the variety of exotic nuclear shapes that emerge, collectively termed `nuclear pasta' and (iv) the dissolution of these structures into uniform nuclear matter as density and/or temperature increase. In part I of this work the calculation of the properties of inhomogeneous nuclear matter in the core collapse of massive stars is reported. Calculations are performed at baryon number densities of $n_{\rm b}$ = 0.04 - 0.12 fm$^{\rm -3}$, a proton fraction of $y_{\rm p}=0.3$ and temperatures in the range 0 - 7.5 MeV. A wide variety of nuclear shapes are shown to emerge. It is suggested that thermodynamical properties change smoothly in the pasta regime up to the transition to uniform matter; at that transition, thermodynamic properties of the matter vary discontinuously.