Persistent Asymmetric Password-Based Key Exchange

Abstract

Asymmetric password based key exchange is a key exchange protocol where a client and a server share a low entropic password while the server additionally owns a high entropic secret for a public key. There are simple solutions for this (e.g. Halevi and Krawczyk (ACM TISSEC 1999) and its improvement by Boyarsky (CCS 1999)). In this paper, we consider a new threat to this type of protocol: if a server's high entropic secret gets compromised (e.g., due to cryptanalysis, virus attack or a poor management), the adversary might {\em quickly} break lots of passwords and cause uncountable damage. In this case, one should not expect the protocol to be secure against an off-line dictionary attack since, otherwise, the protocol is in fact a secure password-only key exchange where the server also only has a password (by making the server high entropic secret public). Of course a password-only key exchange does not suffer from this threat as the server does not have a high entropic secret at all. However, known password-only key exchange are not very efficient (note: we only consider protocols without random oracles). This motivates us to study efficient and secure asymmetric password key exchange that avoids the new threat. In this paper, we first provide a formal model for the new threat, where essentially we require that the active adversary can break $\ell$ passwords in $α\ell |{\cal D}|$ steps (for $α<1/2$) only with a probability negligibly close to $\exp(-β\ell)$ for some $β>0$. Then, we construct a framework of asymmetric password based key exchange. We prove that our protocol is secure in the usual sense. We also show that it prevents the new threat. To do this, we introduce a new technique by abstracting a probabilistic experiment from the main proof and providing a neat analysis of it.