Two Generalizations of Homogeneity in Groups with Applications to Regular Semigroups

Abstract

Let $X$ be a finite set such that $|X|=n$ and let $i\leq j \leq n$. A group $G\leq \sym$ is said to be $(i,j)$-homogeneous if for every $I,J\subseteq X$, such that $|I|=i$ and $|J|=j$, there exists $g\in G$ such that $Ig\subseteq J$. (Clearly $(i,i)$-homogeneity is $i$-homogeneity in the usual sense.) A group $G\leq \sym$ is said to have the $k$-universal transversal property if given any set $I\subseteq X$ (with $|I|=k$) and any partition $P$ of $X$ into $k$ blocks, there exists $g\in G$ such that $Ig$ is a section for $P$. (That is, the orbit of each $k$-subset of $X$ contains a section for each $k$-partition of $X$.) In this paper we classify the groups with the $k$-universal transversal property (with the exception of two classes of 2-homogeneous groups) and the $(k-1,k)$-homogeneous groups (for $2<k\leq \lfloor \frac{n+1}{2}\rfloor$). As a corollary of the classification we prove that a $(k-1,k)$-homogeneous group is also $(k-2,k-1)$-homogeneous, with two exceptions; and similarly, but with no exceptions, groups having the $k$-universal transversal property have the $(k-1)$-universal transversal property. A corollary of all the previous results is a classification of the groups that together with any rank $k$ transformation on $X$ generate a regular semigroup (for $1\leq k\leq \lfloor \frac{n+1}{2}\rfloor$). The paper ends with a number of challenges for experts in number theory, group and/or semigroup theory, linear algebra and matrix theory.