Specific Heat and Sound Velocity Distinguish the Relevant Competing Phase in the Pseudogap Region of High Temperature Superconductors

Abstract

A great step forward towards the understanding of high temperature superconductors are the variety of experimental results which have led to the wide-spread acceptance of the idea that a phase with a broken symmetry competes with superconductivity in the under-doped region, often called the pseudo-gap region. There are a plethora of suggested phases. The idea, that a broken symmetry phase competes with superconductivity makes thermodynamic sense only if the energy gained due to it is comparable to that gained through the superconducting transition in their co-existence region. Extraordinarily, however, no specific heat signature of a phase transition has been identified at the pseudo-gap temperature $T^*$. We use the recent highly accurate sound-velocity measurements and the best available specific heat measurements in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6+δ}$ to show that phase transitions to the universality class of the loop-current ordered state with free-energy reduction similar to the measured superconducting condensation are consistent with the sound velocity and with lack of identifiable observation in the specific heat. We also compare the measured specific heat with some more usual transitions and show that transitions with such symmetry classes can easily be shown by existing specific heat measurements to have energy reduction due to them less than 1/20 the superconducting condensation energy.