A Suzaku Search for Dark Matter Emission Lines in the X-ray Brightest Galaxy Clusters

Abstract

We present the results of a search for unidentified emission lines in deep Suzaku X-ray spectra for the central regions of the four X-ray brightest galaxy clusters: Perseus, Coma, Virgo and Ophiuchus. We employ an optimized energy range for our analysis (3.2-5.3 keV) that is relatively free of instrumental features, and a baseline plasma emission model that incorporates the abundances of elements with the strongest expected emission lines at these energies (S, Ar, Ca) as free parameters. For the Perseus Cluster core, employing this baseline model, we find evidence for an additional emission feature at an energy $3.51^{+0.02}_{-0.01}$ keV with a flux of ~$2.87\times10^{-7}$ ph/s/cm^2/arcmin^2. At slightly larger radii, we detect an emission line at 3.59+/-0.02 keV with a flux of ~$4.8\times10^{-8}$ ph/s/cm^2/arcmin^2. The energies and fluxes of these features are broadly consistent with previous claims, although the radial variation of the line strength appears in tension with standard dark matter (DM) model predictions. Assuming a decaying DM origin for the Perseus emission features allows us to predict the energies and line fluxes for the other clusters in our sample. Critically, we do not detect an emission feature at the predicted energy and line flux in the Coma, Virgo and Ophiuchus clusters. The formal 99.5 per cent upper limits on the strengths of an emission line in each cluster are below the decaying DM model predictions, scaling from the Perseus Cluster center, apparently ruling the model out. In the light of these results, we search for other explanations for the ~3.55 keV emission feature in Perseus. Our results suggest that systematic effects associated with modeling the complex spectra for the Perseus Cluster core, details of the assumed ionization balance, and errors in the predicted emissivities of the spectral lines may in part be responsible for the ~3.5 keV feature.