Rotating Bose-Einstein condensates: Closing the gap between exact and mean-field solutions

Abstract

When a Bose-Einstein condensed cloud of atoms is given some angular momentum, it forms vortices arranged in structures with a discrete rotational symmetry. For these vortex states, the Hilbert space of the exact solution separates into a "primary" space related to the mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii solution and a "complementary" space including the corrections beyond mean-field. Considering a weakly-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate of harmonically-trapped atoms, we demonstrate how this separation can be used to close the conceptual gap between exact solutions for systems with only a few atoms and the thermodynamic limit for which the mean-field is the correct leading-order approximation. Although we illustrate this approach for the case of weak interactions, it is expected to be more generally valid.