On the Displacement for Covering a $d-$dimensional Cube with Randomly Placed Sensors

Abstract

Consider $n$ sensors placed randomly and independently with the uniform distribution in a $d-$dimensional unit cube ($d\ge 2$). The sensors have identical sensing range equal to $r$, for some $r >0$. We are interested in moving the sensors from their initial positions to new positions so as to ensure that the $d-$dimensional unit cube is completely covered, i.e., every point in the $d-$dimensional cube is within the range of a sensor. If the $i$-th sensor is displaced a distance $d_i$, what is a displacement of minimum cost? As cost measure for the displacement of the team of sensors we consider the $a$-total movement defined as the sum $M_a:= \sum_{i=1}^n d_i^a$, for some constant $a>0$. We assume that $r$ and $n$ are chosen so as to allow full coverage of the $d-$dimensional unit cube and $a > 0$. The main contribution of the paper is to show the existence of a tradeoff between the $d-$dimensional cube, sensing radius and $a$-total movement. The main results can be summarized as follows for the case of the $d-$dimensional cube. If the $d-$dimensional cube sensing radius is $\frac{1}{2n^{1/d}}$ and $n=m^d$, for some $m\in N$, then we present an algorithm that uses $O\left(n^{1-\frac{a}{2d}}\right)$ total expected movement (see Algorithm 2 and Theorem 5). If the $d-$dimensional cube sensing radius is greater than $\frac{3^{3/d}}{(3^{1/d}-1)(3^{1/d}-1)}\frac{1}{2n^{1/d}}$ and $n$ is a natural number then the total expected movement is $O\left(n^{1-\frac{a}{2d}}\left(\frac{\ln n}{n}\right)^{\frac{a}{2d}}\right)$ (see Algorithm 3 and Theorem 7). In addition, we simulate Algorithm 2 and discuss the results of our simulations.