Composite dark matter and direct-search experiments

Abstract

We reinterpret the results of the direct searches for dark matter in terms of composite dark matter, i.e. dark matter particles that form neutral bound states, generically called dark atoms, either with ordinary particles, or with other dark matter particles. Three different scenarios are investigated: the O-helium scenario, milli- interacting dark matter and dark anti-atoms. In each of them, dark matter interacts sufficiently strongly with terrestrial matter to be stopped in it before reaching underground detectors. As they drift towards the center of the earth by gravity, these thermal dark atoms are radiatively captured by the atoms of the active medium of underground detectors, which causes the emission of photons that produce the signals through their interactions with the electrons of the medium. This provides a way of reinterpreting the results in terms of electron recoils instead of nuclear recoils. The detailed study of the interactions of O-helium with ordinary matter shows that it is not an acceptable candidate for dark matter because of the absence of a repulsion mechanism preventing it from falling into the deep nuclear wells of nuclei. The two other models involve milli-charges and are able to reconcile the most contradictory experiments. We determine, for each model, the regions in the parameter space that reproduce the experiments with positive results in full consistency with the constraints of the experiments with negative results. We also pay attention to the experimental and observational constraints on milli-charges and discuss some typical signatures of the models that could be used to test them.