Searcharxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 1601.07775

About $(k,l)$-kernels, semikernels and Grundy functions in partial line digraphs

Camino Balbuena·Hortensia Galeana-Sánchez·Mukuy-kak Guevara
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Let $D=(V,A)$ be a digraph and consider an arc subset $A'\subseteq A$ and an exhaustive mapping $ϕ: A\to A'$ such that $(i)$ the set of heads of $A'$ is $H(A')=V$; $(ii)$ the map fixes the elements of $A'$, that is, $ϕ|A'=Id$, and for every vertex $j\in V$, $ϕ(ω^-(j))\subset ω^-(j)\cap A'$. Then, {\it the partial line digraph} of $D$, denoted by $\mathcal{L}_{(A',ϕ)}D $ (for short $\mathcal{L}D$ if the pair $(A', ϕ)$ is clear from the context), is the digraph with vertex set $V (\mathcal{L}D)=A'$ and set of arcs $A(\mathcal{L}D) = \{(ij, ϕ(j,k)) : (j,k)\in A\}.$ In this paper we prove the following results: Let $k,l$ be two natural numbers such that $1\le l \le k$, and $D$ a digraph with minimum in-degree at least 1. Then the number of $(k,l)$-kernels of $D$ is less than or equal to the number of $(k,l)$-kernels of $\mathcal{L} D$. Moreover, if $l<k$ and the girth of $D$ is at least $l+1$, then these two numbers are equal. The number of semikernels of $D$ is equal to the number of semikernels of $\mathcal{L} D$. Also we introduce the concept of $(k,l)$-Grundy function as a generalization of the concept of Grundy function and we prove that the number of $(k,l)$-Grundy functions of $D$ is equal to the number of $(k,l)$-Grundy functions of any partial line digraph $\mathcal{L} D$.

Explore related subjects

math.CO

Keep this discovery

BibTeXRIS

Camino Balbuena, Hortensia Galeana-Sánchez, Mukuy-kak Guevara. 2016-01-28. About $(k,l)$-kernels, semikernels and Grundy functions in partial line digraphs. https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.07775

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Balanced even cycles in signed graphs:Tur\'an bounds, double covers, and parity obstructions

We study Tur\'an problems for balanced even cycles in simple signed graphs, where signed subgraphs are considered up to switching. For every balanced bipartite signed graph, the signed and ordinary Tur\'an numbers differ by at most a factor of two. Our main structural results concern the underlying graphs that admit a signing in which every $2k$-cycle is unbalanced. We characterize these graphs by the absence of an odd dependence among their $2k$-cycle incidence vectors, give a cohomological formulation, and construct subgraph-minimal obstructions of arbitrarily large order. In particular, there is no finite forbidden-subgraph characterization. We also give an exact closed-walk criterion for cycles in double covers and derive a direct signed breadth-first-search upper bound. As applications, we prove \[ \hex(n,C_{+4})=\left(\frac{\sqrt2}{2}+o(1)\right)n^{3/2} \] and study the signed hexagon number $R_6(n)=\hex(n,\{C_{-3},C_{+6}\})$. We characterize the underlying graphs counted by $R_6$ and express it as an extremal problem for ordinary $C_6$-free graphs with a prescribed involution. For every sufficiently large $n$, we construct examples with $\Omega(n^{4/3})$ edges, and we give an equivariant construction attaining the coefficient obtained from the F\"uredi--Naor--Verstra\"ete lower bound by double-cover transfer. Finally, we give $n$-vertex $C_{+10}$-free signed graphs with $\Omega(n^{6/5})$ edges and use octagon examples to illustrate the limitations of theta-freeness as a signing criterion.

math.CO↗
arXiv2026

Fractional DP-colorings of $d$-degenerate locally sparse graphs

Bernshteyn, Kostochka, and Zhu (2020) introduced the notion of fractional DP-coloring, which generalizes both fractional coloring and fractional list coloring. Among several foundational results, they proved that every $d$-degenerate bipartite graph $G$ satisfies $\chi_f^{\mathrm{DP}} \le (1 + o(1))\frac{d}{\log d}$, and that this bound is optimal---a stark contrast to ordinary fractional coloring. In this paper, we extend this upper bound to all $d$-degenerate triangle-free graphs, proving that $\chi_f^{\mathrm{DP}} \le (4 + o(1))\frac{d}{\log d}$. This generalizes a recent result of Martinsson and Steiner (2025) for ordinary fractional coloring. We derive this result as a corollary of a more general upper bound concerning locally sparse graph orderings. Specifically, a $d$-degenerate graph $G$ is left $k$-locally-sparse if it admits a degeneracy ordering in which, for every vertex $v$, the subgraph induced by its back-neighbors contains at most $k$ edges. We show that if a $d$-degenerate graph $G$ is left $\frac{d^2}{f}$-locally-sparse, then \[ \chi_f^{\mathrm{DP}}(G) \le (8 + o(1))\frac{d}{\log f}. \] This immediately yields an identical upper bound on the ordinary fractional chromatic number $\chi_f(G)$, improving upon the leading constants of previously known bounds. Additionally, we establish the asymptotic sharpness of this result up to the leading constant. For any $1 \ll f \le d^2$, we construct $d$-degenerate graphs that are left $\frac{d^2}{f}$-locally-sparse and satisfy $\chi_f(G) \ge (1 - o(1))\frac{d}{\log f}$. Finally, as applications of our main theorem, we obtain improved upper bounds on the fractional DP-chromatic number of $d$-degenerate $K_{1,t,t}$-free graphs, as well as $K_{t,t,t}$-free graphs with maximum degree $\Delta$. Notably, these bounds improve upon existing results even in the setting of ordinary fractional coloring.

math.CO↗
arXiv2026

Erd\H{o}s-S\'{o}s for digraphs

It is shown that every Eulerian digraph on $n$ vertices with more than $(t-1)n$ arcs contains every oriented tree with $t$ edges. The digraphs have no loops or repeated arcs, but opposite arcs are permitted. The bound is sharp for each fixed oriented tree, as witnessed by disjoint unions of complete bidirected graphs. Previously, such tight bounds were not known, even just for directed paths. This can be considered as a directed analog of the recently proved Erd\H{o}s-S\'os conjecture. The result was proved by GPT-6 Astra.

math.CO↗