Characterizing classes of regular languages using prefix codes of bounded synchronization delay

Abstract

In this paper we continue a classical work of Sch\"utzenberger on codes with bounded synchronization delay. He was interested to characterize those regular languages where the groups in the syntactic monoid belong to a variety $H$. He allowed operations on the language side which are union, intersection, concatenation and modified Kleene-star involving a mapping of a prefix code of bounded synchronization delay to a group $G\in H$, but no complementation. In our notation this leads to the language classes $SD_G(A^\infty)$ and $SD_H(A^\infty$). Our main result shows that $SD_H(A^\infty)$ always corresponds to the languages having syntactic monoids where all subgroups are in $H$. Sch\"utzenberger showed this for a variety $H$ if $H$ contains Abelian groups, only. Our method shows the general result for all $H$ directly on finite and infinite words. Furthermore, we introduce the notion of local Rees products which refers to a simple type of classical Rees extensions. We give a decomposition of a monoid in terms of its groups and local Rees products. This gives a somewhat similar, but simpler decomposition than in Rhodes' synthesis theorem. Moreover, we need a singly exponential number of operations, only. Finally, our decomposition yields an answer to a question in a recent paper of Almeida and Kl\'ima about varieties that are closed under Rees products.