Multi-Poisson Approach to the Painlev\'e Equations: from the Isospectral Deformation to the Isomonodromic Deformation

Abstract

A multi-Poisson structure on a Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ provides a systematic way to construct completely integrable Hamiltonian systems on $\mathfrak{g}$ expressed in Lax form $\partial X_\lambda /\partial t = [X_\lambda , A_\lambda ]$ in the sense of the isospectral deformation, where $X_\lambda , A_\lambda \in \mathfrak{g}$ depend rationally on the indeterminate $\lambda $ called the spectral parameter. In this paper, a method for modifying the isospectral deformation equation to the Lax equation $\partial X_\lambda /\partial t = [X_\lambda , A_\lambda ] + \partial A_\lambda /\partial \lambda $ in the sense of the isomonodromic deformation, which exhibits the Painlev\'e property, is proposed. This method gives a few new Painlev\'e systems of dimension four.