Subgroups of 3-factor direct products

Abstract

Extending Goursat's Lemma we investigate the structure of subdirect products of 3-factor direct products. We give several example constructions and then provide a structure theorem showing that every such group is essentially obtained by a combination of the constructions. The central observation in this structure theorem is that the dependencies among the group elements in the subdirect product that involve all three factors are of Abelian nature. In the spirit of Goursat's Lemma, for two special cases, we derive correspondence theorems between data obtained from the subgroup lattices of the three factors (as well as isomorphism between arising factor groups) and the subdirect products. Using our results we derive an explicit formula to count the number of subdirect products of the direct product of three symmetric groups.