The Chern Numbers of Interaction-stretched Monopoles in Spinor Bose Condensates

Abstract

Using the Dirac and the Yang monopole in spinor condensates as examples, we show that interactions can stretch the point singularity of a monopole into an extended manifold, whose shape is strongly influenced by the sign of interaction. The singular manifold will cause the first and second Chern number to assume non-integer values when it intersects the surface on which the Chern numbers are calculated. This leads to a gradual decrease of the Chern numbers as the monopole moves away from the surface of integration, instead of the sudden jump characteristic of a point monopole. A gradual change in $C_2$ has in fact been observed in the recent experiment by Spielman's group at NIST. By measuring the range of non-integer values of the Chern numbers as the monopole moves away from the surface of integration along different directions, one can map out the shape of the singular manifold in the parameter space.