Evidence for sub-Chandrasekhar-mass progenitors of Type Ia supernovae at the faint end of the width-luminosity relation

Abstract

The faster light-curve evolution of low-luminosity Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) suggests that they could result from the explosion of white dwarf (WD) progenitors below the Chandrasekhar mass ($M_{\rm Ch}$). Here we present 1D non-LTE time-dependent radiative transfer simulations of pure central detonations of carbon-oxygen WDs with a mass ($M_\rm{tot}$) between 0.88 M$_{\odot}$ and 1.15 M$_{\odot}$, and a $^{56}\rm{Ni}$ yield between 0.08 M$_{\odot}$ and 0.84 M$_{\odot}$. Their lower ejecta density compared to $M_{\rm Ch}$ models results in a more rapid increase of the luminosity at early times and an enhanced $γ$-ray escape fraction past maximum light. Consequently, their bolometric light curves display shorter rise times and larger post-maximum decline rates. Moreover, the higher $M(^{56}\rm{Ni})/M_\rm{tot}$ ratio at a given $^{56}\rm{Ni}$ mass enhances the temperature and ionization level in the spectrum-formation region for the less luminous models, giving rise to bluer colours at maximum light and a faster post-maximum evolution of the $B-V$ colour. For sub-$M_{\rm Ch}$ models fainter than $M_B\approx -18.5$ mag at peak, the greater bolometric decline and faster colour evolution lead to a larger $B$-band post-maximum decline rate, $ΔM_{15}(B)$. In particular, all of our previously-published $M_{\rm Ch}$ models (standard and pulsational delayed detonations) are confined to $ΔM_{15}(B) < 1.4$ mag, while the sub-$M_{\rm Ch}$ models with $M_\rm{tot}\lesssim 1$ M$_{\odot}$ extend beyond this limit to $ΔM_{15}(B)\approx 1.65$ mag for a peak $M_B\approx -17$ mag, in better agreement with the observed width-luminosity relation (WLR). Regardless of the precise ignition mechanism, these simulations suggest that fast-declining SNe Ia at the faint end of the WLR could result from the explosion of WDs whose mass is significantly below the Chandrasekhar limit.