Asynchronous Stochastic Approximation Based Learning Algorithms for As-You-Go Deployment of Wireless Relay Networks along a Line

Abstract

We are motivated by the need for impromptu (or as-you-go) deployment of multihop wireless networks, by human agents or robots; the agent moves along a line, makes wireless link quality measurements at regular intervals, and makes on-line placement decisions using these measurements. As a first step, we have formulated such deployment along a line as a sequential decision problem. In our earlier work, we proposed two possible deployment approaches: (i) the pure as-you-go approach where the deployment agent can only move forward, and (ii) the explore-forward approach where the deployment agent explores a few successive steps and then selects the best relay placement location. The latter was shown to provide better performance but at the expense of more measurements and deployment time, which makes explore-forward impractical for quick deployment by an energy constrained agent such as a UAV. Further, the deployment algorithm should not require prior knowledge of the parameters of the wireless propagation model. In [1] we, therefore, developed learning algorithms for the explore-forward approach. The current paper provides deploy-and-learn algorithms for the pure as-you-go approach. We formulate the sequential relay deployment problem as an average cost Markov decision process (MDP), which trades off among power consumption, link outage probabilities, and the number of deployed relay nodes. First we show structural results for the optimal policy. Next, by exploiting the special structure of the optimality equation and by using the theory of asynchronous stochastic approximation, we develop two learning algorithms that asymptotically converge to the set of optimal policies as deployment progresses. Numerical results show reasonably fast speed of convergence, and hence the model-free algorithms can be useful for practical, fast deployment of emergency wireless networks.