The Effect of Jupiter's Formation on the Distribution of Refractory Elements and Inclusions in Meteorites

Abstract

We present a comprehensive evolutionary model of the Sun's protoplanetary disk, constructed to resolve the "CAI Storage" problem of meteoritics. We predict the abundances of calcium-rich, aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) and refractory lithophile elements under the central assumption that Jupiter's $\sim 30 \, M_{\oplus}$ core forms at about 3 AU at around 0.6 Myr and opened a gap CAIs are trapped in the pressure maximum beyond Jupiter; carbonaceous chondrites formed there. Inside Jupiter's orbit, CAIs were depleted by aerodynamic drag; ordinary and enstatite chondrites formed there. For 16 chondrites and achondrites, we review meteoritic data on their CAI and refractory abundances and their times of formation, constrained by radiometric dating and thermal models. We predict their formation locations, finding excellent consistency with other location information (water content, asteroid spectra and parent bodies). We predict the size of particle concentrated by turbulence for each chondrite, finding excellent matches to each chondrites's mean chondrule diameter. These consistencies imply meteorite parent bodies assembled quickly from local materials concentrated by turbulence, and usually did not migrate far. We predict CI chondrites are depleted in refractory lithophile elements relative to the Sun, by about 12% (0.06 dex). We constrain the variation of turbulence parameter $\alpha$ in the disk, and find a limited role for magnetorotational instability, favoring hydrodynamical instabilities in the outer disk, plus magnetic disk winds in the inner disk. Between 3 and 4 Myr at least, gas persisted outside Jupiter but was depleted inside it, and the solar nebula was a transition disk.