Three-dimensional maps and subgroup growth

Abstract

In this paper we derive a generating series for the number of cellular complexes known as pavings or three-dimensional maps, on $n$ darts, thus solving an analogue of Tutte's problem in dimension three. The generating series we derive also counts free subgroups of index $n$ in $\Delta^+ = \mathbb{Z}_2*\mathbb{Z}_2*\mathbb{Z}_2$ via a simple bijection between pavings and finite index subgroups which can be deduced from the action of $\Delta^+$ on the cosets of a given subgroup. We then show that this generating series is non-holonomic. Furthermore, we provide and study the generating series for isomorphism classes of pavings, which correspond to conjugacy classes of free subgroups of finite index in $\Delta^+$. Computational experiments performed with software designed by the authors provide some statistics about the topology and combinatorics of pavings on $n\leq 16$ darts.