Major Outburst and Splitting of Long-Period Comet C/2015 ER61 (Pan-STARRS)

Abstract

In early April 2017, five weeks before passing through perihelion, the dust-poor comet C/2015 ER61 was observed to undergo a major outburst, during which its intrinsic brightness increased briefly by about 2 mag. Evidence is presented in this paper to suggest that the flare-up was in all likelihood a product of an event of nuclear fragmentation that gave birth to a companion nucleus, which was first detected more than nine weeks later, on June 11, and remained under observation for 19 days. The companion is found to have separated from the parent nucleus with a velocity of less than 1 m/s; subsequently it was subjected to a nongravitational deceleration of 14 units of 10^{-5} the Sun's gravitational acceleration. The companion's overall dimensions can from this value be estimated al less than one hundred meters across. Unlike the primary nucleus, the companion displayed considerable fluctuations in brightness on time scales spanning at least three orders of magnitude, from a fraction of one hour to weeks. The long temporal gap between the companion's birth and first detection appears to be a corollary of the brightness variability. Evidence from the light curve suggests that the companion became detectable only because of large amounts of debris that it started shedding as well as increased activity from area newly exposed by progressive fragmentation, the same process that also resulted in the companion's impending disintegration by the end of June of in early July.