Aspherical Supernovae: Effects on Early Light Curves

Abstract

Early light from core-collapse supernovae, now detectable in high-cadence surveys, holds clues to a star and its environment just before it explodes. However, effects that alter the early light have not been fully explored. We highlight the possibility of non-radial flows at the time of shock breakout. These develop in sufficiently non-spherical explosions if the progenitor is not too diffuse. When they do develop, non-radial flows limit ejecta speeds and cause ejecta-ejecta collisions. We explore these phenomena and their observational implications, using global, axisymmetric, non-relativistic FLASH simulations of simplified polytropic progenitors, which we scale to representative stars. We develop a method to track photon production within the ejecta, enabling us to estimate band-dependent light curves from adiabatic simulations. Immediate breakout emission becomes hidden as an oblique flow develops. Non-spherical effects lead the shock-heated ejecta to release a more constant luminosity at a higher, evolving color temperature at early times, effectively mixing breakout light with the early light curve. Collisions between non-radial ejecta thermalize a small fraction of the explosion energy; we address emission from these collisions in a subsequent paper.