Dark energy with $w \rightarrow -1$: Asymptotic $\Lambda$ versus pseudo-$\Lambda$

Abstract

If the dark energy density asymptotically approaches a nonzero constant, $\rho_{DE} \rightarrow \rho_0$, then its equation of state parameter $w$ necessarily approaches $-1$. The converse is not true; dark energy with $w \rightarrow -1$ can correspond to either $\rho_{DE} \rightarrow \rho_0$ or $\rho_{DE} \rightarrow 0$. This provides a natural division of models with $w \rightarrow -1$ into two distinct classes: asymptotic $\Lambda$ ($\rho_{DE} \rightarrow \rho_0$) and pseudo-$\Lambda$ ($\rho_{DE} \rightarrow 0$). We delineate the boundary between these two classes of models in terms of the behavior of $w(a)$, $\rho_{DE}(a)$, and $a(t)$. We examine barotropic and quintessence realizations of both types of models. Barotropic models with positive squared sound speed and $w \rightarrow -1$ are always asymptotically $\Lambda$; they can never produce pseudo-$\Lambda$ behavior. Quintessence models can correspond to either asymptotic $\Lambda$ or pseudo-$\Lambda$ evolution, but the latter is impossible when the expansion is dominated by a background barotropic fluid. We show that the distinction between asymptotic $\Lambda$ and pseudo-$\Lambda$ models for $w> -1$ is mathematically dual to the distinction between pseudo-rip and big/little rip models when $w < -1$.