The Sausage Globular Clusters

Abstract

The Gaia Sausage is an elongated structure in velocity space discovered by Belokurov et al. (2018) using the kinematics of metal-rich halo stars. It was created by a massive dwarf galaxy ($\sim 5 \times 10^{10} M_\odot$) on a strongly radial orbit that merged with the Milky Way at a redshift $z\lesssim 3$. We search forthe associated Sausage Globular Clusters by analysing the structure of 91 Milky Way globular clusters (GCs) in action space using the Gaia Data Release 2 catalogue, complemented with Hubble Space Telescope proper motions. There is a characteristic energy $E_{\rm crit}$ which separates the in situ objects, such as the bulge/disc clusters, from the accreted objects, such as the young halo clusters. There are 15 old halo GCs that have $E > E_{\rm crit}$. Eight of the high energy, old halo GCs are strongly clumped in azimuthal and vertical action, yet strung out like beads on a chain at extreme radial action. They are very radially anisotropic ($\beta \sim 0.95$) and move on orbits that are all highly eccentric ($e \gtrsim 0.80$). They also form a track in the age-metallicity plane distinct from the bulk of the Milky Way GCs and compatible with a dwarf spheroidal origin. These properties are consistent with GCs associated with the merger event that gave rise to the Gaia Sausage.