Does Fornax have a cored halo? Implications for the nature of dark matter

Abstract

Fornax is the most massive of the Milky Way dwarf spheroidal galaxies and has five globular clusters orbiting in a dense background of dark matter. Observational analyses suggest that globular clusters were initially much more massive and lost most of their stars to the Fornax field. We re-investigate the Fornax cusp-core problem, to clarify tensions between simulations and observations concerning the dark matter halo density profile. N-body simulations predict a centrally steep power-law density profile, while observations of the globular clusters seem to prefer that the dark matter halo density is constant at the center. For the first time, we ran pure N-body simulations with entirely live systems, i.e. self-gravitating systems composed of particles (including stars and dark matter). Only this numerical approach accounts correctly for dynamical friction and tidal effects between Fornax and the globular clusters. We show that a weak cusp ($r_{s}=$ 1.5 kpc) or a large core ($r_{c}=$ 848 pc) are not compatible with the current observed positions and masses of Fornax clusters. In contrast, a small dark matter core ($r_{c}=$ 282 pc) for Fornax naturally reproduces the cluster spatial and mass distributions over a wide range of initial globular cluster masses. We derive an upper limit of $r_{c}\lesssim$ 282 pc. This core size range favors only warm dark datter (WDM). It is also possible to obtain a compatible core size range from cold dark matter (CDM) theories, if the initial halo's central cusp is heated by gas to form a small core.