Lacunarity of Han-Nekrasov-Okounkov $q$-series

Abstract

A power series is called lacunary if `almost all' of its coefficients are zero. Integer partitions have motivated the classification of lacunary specializations of Han's extension of the Nekrasov-Okounkov formula. More precisely, we consider the modular forms \[F_{a,b,c}(z) := \frac{\eta(24az)^a \eta(24acz)^{b-a}}{\eta(24z)},\] defined in terms of the Dedekind $\eta$-function, for integers $a,c \geq 1$ where $b \geq 1$ is odd throughout. Serre determined the lacunarity of the series when $a = c = 1$. Later, Clader, Kemper, and Wage extended this result by allowing $a$ to be general, and completely classified the $F_{a,b,1}(z)$ which are lacunary. Here, we consider all $c$ and show that for ${a \in \{1,2,3\}}$, there are infinite families of lacunary series. However, for $a \geq 4$, we show that there are finitely many triples $(a,b,c)$ such that $F_{a,b,c}(z)$ is lacunary. In particular, if $a \geq 4$, $b \geq 7$, and $c \geq 2$, then $F_{a,b,c}(z)$ is not lacunary. Underlying this result is the proof the $t$-core partition conjecture proved by Granville and Ono.