Stochastic activation in a genetic switch model

Abstract

We study a biological autoregulation process, involving a protein that enhances its own transcription, in a parameter region where bistability would be present in the absence of fluctuations. We calculate the rate of fluctuation-induced rare transitions between locally-stable states using a path integral formulation and Master and Chapman-Kolmogorov equations. As in simpler models for rare transitions, the rate has the form of the exponential of a quantity $S_0$ (a "barrier") multiplied by a prefactor $η$. We calculate $S_0$ and $η$ first in the bursting limit (where the ratio $γ$ of the protein and mRNA lifetimes is very large). In this limit, the calculation can be done almost entirely analytically, and the results are in good agreement with simulations. For finite $γ$ numerical calculations are generally required. However, $S_0$ can be calculated analytically to first order in $1/γ$, and the result agrees well with the full numerical calculation for all $γ> 1$. Employing a method used previously on other problems, we find we can account qualitatively for the way the prefactor $η$ varies with $γ$, but its value is 15-20% higher than that inferred from simulations.