A method to determine the evolution history of the mean neutral Hydrogen fraction

Abstract

The light-cone (LC) effect imprints the cosmological evolution of the redshifted 21-cm signal $T_{\rm b} ({\hat{\bf{n}}}, ν)$ along the frequency axis which is the line of sight (LoS) direction of an observer. The effect is particularly pronounced during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) when the mean hydrogen neutral fraction ${\bar{x}_{\rm HI}}(ν)$ falls rapidly as the universe evolves. The multi-frequency angular power spectrum (MAPS) ${{\mathcal C}_{\ell}}(ν_1,ν_2)$ quantifies the entire second-order statistics of $T_{\rm b} ({\hat{\bf{n}}}, ν)$ considering both the systematic variation along $ν$ due to the cosmological evolution and also the statistically homogeneous and isotropic fluctuations along all the three spatial directions encoded in ${\hat{\bf{n}}}$ and $ν$. Here we propose a simple model where the systematic frequency $(ν_1,ν_2)$ dependence of ${{\mathcal C}_{\ell}}(ν_1,ν_2)$ arises entirely due to the evolution of ${\bar{x}_{\rm HI}}(ν)$. This provides a new method to observationally determine the reionization history. Considering a LC simulation of the EoR 21-cm signal, we use the diagonal elements $ν_1=ν_2$ of ${{\mathcal C}_{\ell}}(ν_1,ν_2)$ to validate our model. We demonstrate that it is possible to recover the reionization history across the entire observational bandwidth provided we have the value ${\bar{x}_{\rm HI}}$ at a single frequency as an external input.