Expander Datacenters: From Theory to Practice

Abstract

Recent work has shown that expander-based data center topologies are robust and can yield superior performance over Clos topologies. However, to achieve these benefits, previous proposals use routing and transport schemes that impede quick industry adoption. In this paper, we examine if expanders can be effective for the technology and environments practical in today's data centers, including the use of traditional protocols, at both small and large scale while complying with common practices such as over-subscription. We study bandwidth, latency and burst tolerance of topologies, highlighting pitfalls of previous topology comparisons. We consider several other metrics of interest: packet loss during failures, queue occupancy and topology degradation. Our experiments show that expanders can realize 3x more throughput than an equivalent fat tree, and 1.5x more throughput than an equivalent leaf-spine topology, for a wide range of scenarios, with only traditional protocols. We observe that expanders achieve lower flow completion times, are more resilient to bursty load conditions like incast and outcast and degrade more gracefully with increasing load. Our results are based on extensive simulations and experiments on a hardware testbed with realistic topologies and real traffic patterns.