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arXiv · 1811.05640

Quasi-local energy from a Minkowski reference

Chiang-Mei Chen·Jian-Liang Liu·James M. Nester
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Abstract

The specification of energy for gravitating systems has been an unsettled issue since Einstein proposed his pseudotensor. It is now understood that energy-momentum is \emph{quasi-local} (associated with a closed 2-surface). Here we consider quasi-local proposals (including pseudotensors) in the Lagrangian-Noether-Hamiltonian formulations. There are two ambiguities: (i) there are many possible expressions, (ii) they depend on some non-dynamical structure, e.g., a reference frame. The Hamiltonian approach gives a handle on both problems. The Hamiltonian perspective helped us to make a remarkable discovery: with an isometric Minkowski reference a large class of expressions---namely all those that agree with the Einstein pseudotensor's Freud superpotential to linear order---give a common quasi-local energy value. Moreover, with a best-matched reference on the boundary this is the Wang-Yau mass value.

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Chiang-Mei Chen, Jian-Liang Liu, James M. Nester. 2018-11-14. Quasi-local energy from a Minkowski reference. https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.05640

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