From eigenstate to Hamiltonian: Prospects for ergodicity and localization

Abstract

This paper addresses the so-called inverse problem which consists in searching for (possibly multiple) parent target Hamiltonian(s), given a single quantum state as input. Starting from $Ψ_0$, an eigenstate of a given local Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}_0$, we ask whether or not there exists another parent Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}_\mathrm{P}$ for $Ψ_0$, with the same local form as $\mathcal{H}_0$. Focusing on one-dimensional quantum disordered systems, we extend the recent results obtained for Bose-glass ground states [M. Dupont and N. Laflorencie, Phys. Rev. B 99, 020202(R) (2019)] to Anderson localization, and the many-body localization (MBL) physics occurring at high energy. We generically find that any localized eigenstate is a very good approximation for an eigenstate of a distinct parent Hamiltonian, with an energy variance $σ_\mathrm{P}^2(L)=\langle\mathcal{H}_\mathrm{P}^2\rangle_{Ψ_0}-\langle\mathcal{H}_\mathrm{P}\rangle_{Ψ_0}^2$ vanishing as a power law of system size $L$. This decay is microscopically related to a chain-breaking mechanism, also signalled by bottlenecks of vanishing entanglement entropy. A similar phenomenology is observed for both Anderson and MBL. In contrast, delocalized ergodic many-body eigenstates uniquely encode the Hamiltonian in the sense that $σ_\mathrm{P}^2(L)$ remains finite at the thermodynamic limit, i.e., $L\to+\infty$. As a direct consequence, the ergodic-MBL transition can be very well captured from the scaling of $σ_\mathrm{P}^2(L)$.