L1 data fitting for robust reconstruction in magnetic particle imaging: quantitative evaluation on Open MPI dataset

Abstract

Magnetic particle imaging is an emerging quantitative imaging modality, exploiting the unique nonlinear magnetization phenomenon of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for recovering the concentration. Traditionally the reconstruction is formulated into a penalized least-squares problem with nonnegativity constraint, and then solved using a variant of Kaczmarz method which is often stopped early after a small number of iterations. Besides the phantom signal, measurements additionally include a background signal and a noise signal. In order to obtain good reconstructions, a preprocessing step of frequency selection to remove the deleterious influences of the noise is often adopted. In this work, we propose a complementary pure variational approach to noise treatment, by viewing highly noisy measurements as outliers, and employing the l1 data fitting, one popular approach from robust statistics. When compared with the standard approach, it is easy to implement with a comparable computational complexity. Experiments with a public domain dataset, i.e., Open MPI dataset, show that it can give accurate reconstructions, and is less prone to noisy measurements, which is illustrated by quantitative (PSNR / SSIM) and qualitative comparisons with the Kaczmarz method. We also investigate the performance of the Kaczmarz method for small iteration numbers quantitatively.