Physical models of streaming instabilities in protoplanetary disks

Abstract

We develop simple, physically motivated models for drag-induced dust-gas streaming instabilities, which are thought to be crucial for clumping grains to form planetesimals in protoplanetary disks. The models explain, based on the physics of gaseous epicyclic motion and dust-gas drag forces, the most important features of the streaming instability and its simple generalisation, the disk settling instability. Some of the key properties explained by our models include the sudden change in the growth rate of the streaming instability when the dust-to-gas-mass ratio surpasses one, the slow growth rate of the streaming instability compared to the settling instability for smaller grains, and the main physical processes underlying the growth of the most unstable modes in different regimes. As well as providing helpful simplified pictures for understanding the operation of an interesting and fundamental astrophysical fluid instability, our models may prove useful for analysing simulations and developing nonlinear theories of planetesimal growth in disks.