Stochastic Processes as the Origin of the Double-Power Law Shape of the Quasar Luminosity Function

Abstract

The Quasar Luminosity Function (QLF) offers insight into the early co-evolution of black holes and galaxies. It has been characterized observationally up to redshift $z\sim6$ with clear evidence of a double power-law shape, in contrast to the Schechter-like form of the underlying dark-matter halo mass function. We investigate a physical origin for the difference in these distributions by considering the impact of stochasticity induced by the processes that determine the quasar luminosity for a given host halo and redshift. We employ a conditional luminosity function and construct the relation between median quasar magnitude versus halo mass $M_{UV,\rm{c}}(M_{\rm{h}})$ with log-normal in luminosity scatter $Σ$, and duty-cycle $ε_{\rm{DC}}$, and focus on high redshift $z\gtrsim4$. We show that, in order to reproduce the observed QLF, the $Σ=0$ abundance matching requires all of the brightest quasars to be hosted in the rarest most massive dark-matter halos (with an increasing $M_{UV,\rm{c}}/M_{\rm{h}}$ in halo mass). Conversely, for $Σ>0$ the brightest quasars can be over-luminous outliers hosted in relatively common dark-matter halos. In this case, the median quasar magnitude versus halo mass relation, $M_{UV,\rm{c}}$, flattens at the high-end, as expected in self-regulated growth due to feedback. We sample the parameter space of $Σ$ and $ε_{\rm{DC}}$ and show that $M_{UV,\rm{c}}$ flattens above $M_{\rm{h}}\sim 10^{12}M_{\odot}$ for $ε_{\rm{DC}}<10^{-2}$. Models with $ε_{\rm{DC}}\sim1$ instead require a high mass threshold close to $M_{\rm{h}}\gtrsim10^{13}M_{\odot}$. We investigate the impact of $ε_{\rm{DC}}$ and $Σ$ on measurements of clustering and find there is no luminosity dependence on clustering for $Σ>0.3$, consistent with recent observations from Subaru HSC.