Asymptotics of product of nonnegative 2-by-2 matrices with applications to random walks with asymptotically zero drifts

Abstract

Let $A_kA_{k-1}\cdots A_1$ be product of some nonnegative 2-by-2 matrices. In general, its elements are hard to evaluate. Under some conditions, we show that $\forall i,j\in\{1,2\},$ $(A_kA_{k-1}\cdots A_1)_{i,j}\sim c\varrho(A_k)\varrho(A_{k-1})\cdots \varrho(A_1)$ as $k\rightarrow\infty,$ where $\varrho(A_n)$ is the spectral radius of the matrix $A_n$ and $c\in(0,\infty)$ is some constant, so that the elements of $A_kA_{k-1}\cdots A_1$ can be estimated. As applications, consider the maxima of certain excursions of (2,1) and (1,2) random walks with asymptotically zero drifts. We get some delicate limit theories which are quite different from the ones of simple random walks. Limit theories of both the tail and critical tail sequences of continued fractions play important roles in our studies.