Conditional inference in cis-Mendelian randomization using weak genetic factors

Abstract

Mendelian randomization is a widely-used method to estimate the unconfounded effect of an exposure on an outcome by using genetic variants as instrumental variables. Mendelian randomization analyses which use variants from a single genetic region (cis-MR) have gained popularity for being an economical way to provide supporting evidence for drug target validation. This paper proposes methods for cis-MR inference which use the explanatory power of many correlated variants to make valid inferences even in situations where those variants only have weak effects on the exposure. In particular, we exploit the highly structured nature of genetic correlations in single gene regions to reduce the dimension of genetic variants using factor analysis. These genetic factors are then used as instrumental variables to construct tests for the causal effect of interest. Since these factors may often be weakly associated with the exposure, size distortions of standard t-tests can be severe. Therefore, we consider two approaches based on conditional testing. First, we extend results of commonly-used identification-robust tests to account for the use of estimated factors as instruments. Secondly, we propose a test which appropriately adjusts for first-stage screening of genetic factors based on their relevance. Our empirical results provide genetic evidence to validate cholesterol-lowering drug targets aimed at preventing coronary heart disease.