Hop Sampling: A Simple Regularized Graph Learning for Non-Stationary Environments

Abstract

Graph representation learning is gaining popularity in a wide range of applications, such as social networks analysis, computational biology, and recommender systems. However, different with positive results from many academic studies, applying graph neural networks (GNNs) in a real-world application is still challenging due to non-stationary environments. The underlying distribution of streaming data changes unexpectedly, resulting in different graph structures (a.k.a., concept drift). Therefore, it is essential to devise a robust graph learning technique so that the model does not overfit to the training graphs. In this work, we present Hop Sampling, a straightforward regularization method that can effectively prevent GNNs from overfishing. The hop sampling randomly selects the number of propagation steps rather than fixing it, and by doing so, it encourages the model to learn meaningful node representation for all intermediate propagation layers and to experience a variety of plausible graphs that are not in the training set. Particularly, we describe the use case of our method in recommender systems, a representative example of the real-world non-stationary case. We evaluated hop sampling on a large-scale real-world LINE dataset and conducted an online A/B/n test in LINE Coupon recommender systems of LINE Wallet Tab. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme improves the prediction accuracy of GNNs. We observed hop sampling provides 7.97% and 16.93% improvements for NDCG and MAP compared to non-regularized GNN models in our online service. Furthermore, models using hop sampling alleviate the oversmoothing issue in GNNs enabling a deeper model as well as more diversified representation.