Free boundary dimers: random walk representation and scaling limit

Abstract

We study the dimer model on subgraphs of the square lattice in which vertices on a prescribed part of the boundary (the free boundary) are possibly unmatched. Each such unmatched vertex is called a monomer and contributes a fixed multiplicative weight $z>0$ to the total weight of the configuration. A bijection described by Giuliani, Jauslin and Lieb relates this model to a standard dimer model but on a non-bipartite graph. The Kasteleyn matrix of this dimer model describes a walk with transition weights that are negative along the free boundary. Yet under certain assumptions, which are in particular satisfied in the infinite volume limit in the upper half-plane, we prove an effective, true random walk representation for the inverse Kasteleyn matrix. In this case we further show that, independently of the value of $z>0$, the scaling limit of the height function is the Gaussian free field with Neumann (or free) boundary conditions, thereby answering a question of Giuliani et al.