Fractal generation in a two-dimensional active-nematic fluid

Abstract

Active fluids, composed of individual self-propelled agents, can generate complex large-scale coherent flows. A particularly important laboratory realization of such an active fluid is a system composed of microtubules, aligned in a quasi-two-dimensional (2D) nematic phase, and driven by ATP-fueled kinesin motor proteins. This system exhibits robust chaotic advection and gives rise to a pronounced fractal structure in the nematic contours. We characterize such experimentally derived fractals using the power spectrum and discover that the power spectrum decays as $k^{-\beta}$ for large wavenumbers $k$. The parameter $\beta$ is measured for several experimental realizations. Though $\beta$ is effectively constant in time, it does vary with experimental parameters, indicating differences in the scale-free behavior of the microtubule-based active nematic. Though the fractal patterns generated in this active system are reminiscent of passively advected dye in 2D chaotic flows, the underlying mechanism for fractal generation is more subtle. We provide a simple, physically inspired mathematical model of fractal generation in this system that relies on the material being locally compressible, though the total area of the material is conserved globally. The model also requires that large-scale density variations be injected into the material periodically. The model reproduces the power spectrum decay $k^{-\beta}$ seen in experiments. Linearizing the model of fractal generation about the equilibrium density, we derive an analytic relationship between $\beta$ and a single dimensionless quantity $r$, which characterizes the compressibility.