Extension of the primitive model by hydration shells and its impact on the reversible heat production during the buildup of the electric double layer

Abstract

Recently the reversible heat production during the electric double layer (EDL) buildup in a sodium chloride solution was measured experimentally [Janssen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 166002 (2017)] and matched with theoretical predictions from density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations [Glatzel et al., J. Chem. Phys. 154, 064901 (2021)]. In the latter, it was found that steric interactions of ions with the electrode's walls, which result in the so-called Stern layer, are sufficient to explain the experimental results. As only symmetric ion sizes in a restricted primitive model were examined, it is instructive to investigate systems of unequal ion sizes that lead to modified Stern layers. In this work, we explore the impact of ion asymmetry on the reversible heat production for each electrode separately. In this context, we further study an extension of the primitive model where hydration shells of ions can evade in the vicinity of electrode's walls. We find a strong dependence on system parameters such as the particle sizes and the total volume taken by particles. Here, we even found situations where one electrode was heated and the other electrode was cooled at the same time during charging, while, in sum, both electrodes together behaved very similarly to the already mentioned experimental results. Thus, heat production should also be measured in experiments for each electrode separately. By this, the importance of certain ingredients that we proposed to model electrolytes could be confirmed or ruled out experimentally, finally leading to a deeper understanding of the physics of EDLs.