Power-efficient soliton microcombs

Abstract

Laser frequency combs are enabling some of the most exciting scientific endeavours in the 21st century, ranging from the development of optical clocks to the calibration of the astronomical spectrographs used for searching Earth-like exoplanets. Today, dissipative Kerr solitons generated in microresonators offer the prospect of attaining frequency combs in miniaturized systems by capitalizing on advances in photonic integration. Most of the applications based on soliton microcombs rely on tuning a continuous-wave laser into a longitudinal mode of a microresonator whose dimensions are engineered to display anomalous dispersion at the pump laser frequency. In this configuration, however, nonlinear physics precludes from attaining dissipative Kerr solitons with high power conversion efficiency, with typical comb powers amounting to ~1% of the available laser power. Here, we demonstrate that this fundamental limitation can be overcome by inducing a controllable frequency shift to a selected cavity resonance. Experimentally, we realize this shift using two linearly coupled anomalous-dispersion microresonators (a photonic molecule), resulting in a coherent dissipative Kerr soliton with a conversion efficiency exceeding 50% and excellent line spacing stability. We describe the physical soliton dynamics in this configuration, and discover the system displays unusual characteristics, such as the possibility to backwards initiate solitons and stable operation with a blue detuned pump laser. By optimizing the microcomb power available on chip, these results facilitate the practical implementation of a scalable integrated photonic architecture for energy-efficient applications.