Ionic forces and stress tensor in all-electron DFT calculations using enriched finite element basis

Abstract

The enriched finite element basis -- wherein the finite element basis is enriched with atom-centered numerical functions -- has recently been shown to be a computationally efficient basis for systematically convergent all-electron DFT ground-state calculations. In this work, we present the expressions to compute variationally consistent ionic forces and stress tensor for all-electron DFT calculations in the enriched finite element basis. In particular, we extend the formulation of configurational forces in Motamarri & Gavini (Phys. Rev. B 2018) to the enriched finite element basis and elucidate the additional contributions arising from the enrichment functions. We demonstrate the accuracy of the formulation by comparing the computed forces and stresses for various benchmark systems with those obtained from finite-differencing the ground-state energy. Further, we also benchmark our calculations against Gaussian basis for molecular systems and against the LAPW+lo basis for periodic systems.