Dimensional transmutation from non-Hermiticity

Abstract

Dimensionality plays a fundamental role in the classification of novel phases and their responses. In generic lattices of 2D and beyond, however, we found that non-Hermitian couplings do not merely distort the Brillouin zone (BZ), but can in fact alter its effective dimensionality. This is due to the fundamental non-commutativity of multi-dimensional non-Hermitian pumping, which obstructs the usual formation of a generalized complex BZ. As such, basis states are forced to assume "entangled" profiles that are orthogonal in a lower dimensional effective BZ, completely divorced from any vestige of lattice Bloch states unlike conventional skin states. Characterizing this reduced dimensionality is an emergent winding number intimately related to the homotopy of non-contractible spectral paths. We illustrate this dimensional transmutation through a 2D model whose topological zero modes are protected by a 1D, not 2D, topological invariant. Our findings can be readily demonstrated via the bulk properties of non-reciprocally coupled platforms such as circuit arrays, and provokes us to rethink about the fundamental role of geometric obstruction in the dimensional classification of topological states.