Orthogonal polynomial duality and unitary symmetries of multi--species ASEP$(q,\boldsymbol{\theta})$ and higher--spin vertex models via $^*$--bialgebra structure of higher rank quantum groups

Abstract

We propose a novel, general method to produce orthogonal polynomial dualities from the $^*$--bialgebra structure of Drinfeld--Jimbo quantum groups. The $^*$--structure allows for the construction of certain \textit{unitary} symmetries, which imply the orthogonality of the duality functions. In the case of the quantum group $\mathcal{U}_q(\mathfrak{gl}_{n+1})$, the result is a nested multivariate $q$--Krawtchouk duality for the $n$--species ASEP$(q,\boldsymbol{\theta})$. The method also applies to other quantized simple Lie algebras and to stochastic vertex models. As a probabilistic application of the duality relation found, we provide the explicit formula of the $q-$shifted factorial moments (namely the $q$-analogue of the Pochhammer symbol) for the two--species $q$--TAZRP (totally asymmetric zero range process).