Minimum Riesz energy problems with external fields

Abstract

The paper deals with minimum energy problems in the presence of external fields with respect to the Riesz kernels $|x-y|^{\alpha-n}$, $0<\alpha<n$, on $\mathbb R^n$, $n\geqslant2$. For quite a general (not necessarily lower semicontinuous) external field $f$, we obtain necessary and/or sufficient conditions for the existence of $\lambda_{A,f}$ minimizing the Gauss functional \[\int|x-y|^{\alpha-n}\,d(\mu\otimes\mu)(x,y)+2\int f\,d\mu\] over all positive Radon measures $\mu$ with $\mu(\mathbb R^n)=1$, concentrated on quite a general (not necessarily closed) $A\subset\mathbb R^n$. We also provide various alternative characterizations of the minimizer $\lambda_{A,f}$, analyze the continuity of both $\lambda_{A,f}$ and the modified Robin constant for monotone families of sets, and give a description of the support of $\lambda_{A,f}$. The significant improvement of the theory in question thereby achieved is due to a new approach based on the close interaction between the strong and the vague topologies, as well as on the theory of inner balayage, developed recently by the author.