Supernova Axion Emissivity with $Δ(1232)$ Resonance in Heavy Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory

Abstract

In this paper, we evaluate the energy loss rate of supernovae induced by the axion emission process $π^- + p \to n + a$ with the $Δ(1232)$ resonance in the heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory for the first time. Given the axion-nucleon-$Δ$ interactions, we include the previously ignored $Δ$-mediated graphs to the $π^- + p \to n + a$ process. In particular, the $Δ^0$-mediated diagram can give a resonance contribution to the supernova axion emission rate when the center-of-mass energy of the pion and proton approaches the $Δ(1232)$ mass. With these new contributions, we find that for the typical supernova temperatures, compared with the earlier work with the axion-nucleon (and axion-pion-nucleon contact) interactions, the supernova axion emissivity can be enhanced by a factor of $\sim$4(2) in the Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov model and up to a factor of $\sim$5(2) in the Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitsky model with small $\tanβ$ values. Remarkably, we notice that the $Δ(1232)$ resonance gives a destructive contribution to the supernova axion emission rate at high supernova temperatures, which is a nontrivial result in this study.