Non-linear corrections of overlap reduction functions for pulsar timing arrays

Abstract

The signals from international pulsar timing arrays have presented a hint of gravitational stochastic background in nHz band frequency. Further confirmation will be based on whether the signals follow the angular correlation curves formulated by the overlap reduction functions, known as Hellings-Downs curves. This paper investigates the non-linear corrections of overlap reduction functions in the present of non-Gaussianity, in which the self-interaction of gravity is first taken into considerations. Based on perturbed Einstein field equations for the second order metric perturbations, and perturbed geodesic equations to the second order, we obtain non-linear corrections for the timing residuals of pulsar timing, and theoretically study corresponding overlap reduction functions for pulsar timing arrays. There is order-one correction for the overlap reduction functions from the three-point correlations of gravitational waves, and thus the shapes of the overlap reduction functions with non-linear corrections can be distinguished from the Hellings-Downs curves.