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arXiv · 2301.00425

Revealing Excited States of Rotational Bose-Einstein Condensates

Jianyuan Yin·Zhen Huang·Yongyong Cai·Qiang Du·Lei Zhang
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Abstract

Rotational Bose-Einstein condensates can exhibit quantized vortices as topological excitations. In this study, the ground and excited states of the rotational Bose-Einstein condensates are systematically studied by calculating the stationary points of the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. Various excited states and their connections at different rotational frequencies are revealed in solution landscapes constructed with the constrained high-index saddle dynamics method. Four excitation mechanisms are identified: vortex addition, rearrangement, merging, and splitting. We demonstrate changes in the ground state with increasing rotational frequencies and decipher the evolution of the stability of ground states.

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Jianyuan Yin, Zhen Huang, Yongyong Cai, Qiang Du, Lei Zhang. 2023-01-01. Revealing Excited States of Rotational Bose-Einstein Condensates. https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.00425

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