Quantum Scattering States in a Nonlinear Coherent Medium

Abstract

We present a comprehensive study of stationary states in a coherent medium with a quadratic or Kerr nonlinearity in the presence of localized potentials in one dimension (1D) for both positive and negative signs of the nonlinear term, as well as for barriers and wells. The description is in terms of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation (NLSE) and hence applicable to a variety of systems, including interacting ultracold atoms in the mean field regime and light propagation in optical fibers. We determine the full landscape of solutions, in terms of a potential step and build solutions for rectangular barrier and well potentials. It is shown that all the solutions can be expressed in terms of a Jacobi elliptic function with the inclusion of a complex-valued phase shift. Our solution method relies on the roots of a cubic polynomial associated with a hydrodynamic picture, which provides a simple classification of all the solutions, both bounded and unbounded, while the boundary conditions are intuitively visualized as intersections of phase space curves. We compare solutions for open boundary conditions with those for a barrier potential on a ring, and also show that numerically computed solutions for smooth barriers agree qualitatively with analytical solutions for rectangular barriers. A stability analysis of solutions based on the Bogoliubov equations for fluctuations show that persistent instabilities are localized at sharp boundaries, and are predicated by the relation of the mean density change across the boundary to the value of the derivative of the density at the edge. We examine the scattering of a wavepacket by a barrier potential and show that at any instant the scattered states are well described by the stationary solutions we obtain, indicating applications of our results and methods to nonlinear scattering problems.