Probing spacetime and accretion model for the Galactic Center: Comparison of Kerr and dilaton black hole shadows

Abstract

In the vicinity of black holes, the influence of strong gravity, plasma physics, and emission processes govern the behavior of the system. Since observations such as those carried out by the EHT are not yet able to unambiguously constrain models for astrophysical and gravitational properties, it is imperative to explore the accretion models, particle distribution function, and description of the spacetime geometry. Our current understanding of these properties is often based on the assumption that the spacetime is well-described by by the Kerr solution to general relativity, combined with basic emission and accretion models. We explore alternative models for each property performing general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic and radiative transfer simulations. By choosing a Kerr solution to general relativity and a dilaton solution to Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton-axion gravity as exemplary black hole background spacetimes, we aim to investigate the influence of accretion and emission models on the ability to distinguish black holes in two theories of gravity. We carry out three-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations of both black holes, matched at their innermost stable circular orbit, in two distinct accretion scenarios. Using general-relativistic radiative transfer calculations, we model the thermal synchrotron emission and in the next step apply a non-thermal electron distribution function, exploring representative parameters to compare with multiwavelength observations. We further consider Kerr and dilaton black holes matched at their unstable circular photon orbits, as well as their event horizons. From multiwavelength emission and spectral index analysis, we find that accretion model and spacetime have only a small impact on the spectra compared to the choice of emission model.