Dynamics of Rapidly Rotating Bose-Einstein Quantum Droplets

Abstract

This work theoretically investigates \textcolor{black}{the stationary properties} and the dynamics of the rotating quantum liquid droplets confined in a two-dimensional symmetric anharmonic trap. Mimicking the quantum Hall systems, the modified Gross-Pitaevskii equation with the inclusion of the Lee-Huang-Yang nonlinear interaction is analytically solved, and the role of the Landau-level mixing effect is addressed. \textcolor{black}{Via controlling the nonlinear interaction and the rotation speed, the rotating quantum droplet with multiply quantized vortex can be created, and the preference of the energetically favored quantum states can be distinguished in the phase diagram. To better interpret the underlying physics of the phase singularities, a brief comparison of the rotating quantum droplet and the optical vortex is made. The investigation of the long-term evolution of the rotating quantum droplets confirms the stability of the quantum states. At certain rotation speeds, the multi-periodic trajectories and breathings provide evidence of the emergence of the collective excitation of the surface mode in the vortex state. For quantum droplets carrying multiply quantized vortex, the microscopic snapshots of the rotation field adjusted current density distribution show that the combined nonlinear interaction and the anharmonic trapping potential can provide the restoring force to lead the quantum droplet to a regular and stable revolution and reach the dynamic equilibrium, revealing the signature of the generation of superfluids in the new kind of low-dimensional quantum liquids.