Topological embeddings into transformation monoids

Abstract

In this paper we consider the questions of which topological semigroups embed topologically into the full transformation monoid $\mathbb{N} ^ \mathbb{N}$ or the symmetric inverse monoid $I_{\mathbb{N}}$ with their respective canonical Polish semigroup topologies. We characterise those topological semigroups that embed topologically into $\mathbb{N} ^ \mathbb{N}$ and belong to any of the following classes: commutative semigroups; compact semigroups; groups; and certain Clifford semigroups. We prove analogous characterisations for topological inverse semigroups and $I_{\mathbb{N}}$. We construct several examples of countable Polish topological semigroups that do not embed into $\mathbb{N} ^ \mathbb{N}$, which answer, in the negative, a recent open problem of Elliott et al. Additionally, we obtain two sufficient conditions for a topological Clifford semigroup to be metrizable, and prove that inversion is automatically continuous in every Clifford subsemigroup of $\mathbb{N}^\mathbb{N}$. The former complements recent works of Banakh et al.